Job

Patriarch Job of Moscow

Patriarch Job (died 19 June 1607) was a pivotal figure in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church, serving as the Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus' from 1587 to 1589, and subsequently as the first Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' from 1589 to 1605. His elevation to the patriarchal rank marked a significant moment in the ecclesiastical independence and prestige of the Russian Church.

Early Life and Monastic Calling

Born Ioann, he was the son of a priest. From a young age, he demonstrated a deep knowledge of biblical texts and a strong desire to become a monk. Despite his father's wishes for him to marry, Ioann entered the Uspensky Monastery in his native Staritsa near Tver in 1551, taking monastic vows and adopting the name Job. He spent fifteen years in monastic life, eventually becoming the abbot of the monastery in 1566, with the support of Ivan the Terrible.

Rise Through Church Ranks

Job was known for his humility, impeccable morals, and learning. He was transferred to Moscow in 1571 and served as abbot of the Simonov Monastery and later the Novospassky Monastery. In 1581, he was consecrated as the bishop of Kolomna. His talent for expressive prayer recitation drew the attention of Boris Godunov, who was influential in the government of Tsar Feodor I. This led to Job's appointment as archbishop of Rostov and then metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia in 1587.

Establishment of the Patriarchate

Boris Godunov, seeking to enhance ecclesiastic authority in Russia, persuaded Patriarch Jeremias II of Constantinople to establish a patriarchate in Moscow. On February 5, 1589, Job was consecrated as the first Russian patriarch. This act was confirmed by a council in Constantinople in 1590 and ratified by other Orthodox patriarchs. The decree establishing the patriarchate notably referred to the Russian tsardom as a "third Rome."

Patriarchal Ministry and State Influence

As patriarch, Job oversaw significant church activities. He supported the correction and publication of liturgical books and assisted in the canonization of Russian saints, including Basil Fool for Christ. He also favored the construction of new cathedrals and monasteries and promoted Christian missionary work in newly conquered territories like Astrakhan and Siberia. Job was cautious about foreign influence, opposing the establishment of a university staffed by non-Orthodox professors. He played a role in the official inquiry into the death of Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich in 1591, supporting the conclusion of accidental death.

During the interregnum following the death of Tsar Feodor I, Patriarch Job served as the head of state in 1598. He played a crucial role in urging Boris Godunov to accept the throne, heading a religious procession to implore him. Job was a staunch critic of False Dmitry I, attempting to maintain loyalty to the deceased tsar. He was formally removed from his patriarchal office on June 24, 1605, due to old age and ill health, and was exiled to his monastery in Staritsa, where he lost his sight.

Later Years and Legacy

Job returned to Moscow following the murder of False Dmitry I and the accession of Vasili IV of Russia. In February 1607, he jointly celebrated the Holy Liturgy with Patriarch Hermogen, forgiving the people of Moscow. He died in 1607. In 1989, the Russian Orthodox Church glorified him as a saint, recognizing his significant contributions and spiritual leadership. His relics were transferred to the Cathedral of the Dormition in the Moscow Kremlin in 1652.