Sens Cathedral

Sens Cathedral, officially known as Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Sens, is a significant Roman Catholic cathedral located in the city of Sens in Burgundy, eastern France. It holds a distinguished place in architectural history as the first cathedral to be constructed in the Gothic style, with its choir construction commencing between 1135 and 1140, shortly before the similar undertaking at Notre Dame de Paris. The sanctuary was consecrated in 1164, though construction and modifications continued until the early 16th century.

Architectural Innovation and Influence

The cathedral is renowned for its pioneering architectural elements. Its choir was begun between 1135 and 1140, and its revolutionary use of square six-part rib vaults, which efficiently distributed weight, was a hallmark of early Gothic design. This innovative vaulting system, previously used experimentally elsewhere, was implemented throughout Sens Cathedral, setting a precedent for future Gothic constructions. The architecture of its choir, in particular, directly influenced the rebuilding of Canterbury Cathedral in England by the master mason William of Sens. The structure was further enhanced in the late 15th and early 16th centuries with the addition of Flamboyant style transepts and a new tower.

Historical Significance and Key Events

Sens Cathedral has been a site of considerable historical importance. It served as a refuge for Pope Alexander III during his three-year exile starting in 1163 and later hosted Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, during his exile from England. A collection of Becket's personal effects, including his church vestments, are preserved in the cathedral's treasury. In 1234, the cathedral was the scene of a significant royal wedding between King Louis IX of France and Marguerite of Provence. The cathedral also briefly held the Crown of Thorns before its transfer to Paris.

Notable Features and Later Developments

The cathedral boasts several notable architectural features and historical artifacts. Its west facade features three portals with early Gothic sculpture, with the north portal dedicated to John the Baptist being a particularly well-preserved example of the style. The central portal is dedicated to Saint Stephen, the patron saint of the cathedral. The south tower, originally completed around 1230, collapsed in 1268 and was later rebuilt, eventually being capped with a Renaissance-style campanile which brought its height to 78.25 meters. The cathedral is home to two massive bourdon bells, Savinienne and Potentienne, cast in 1560, weighing 15,600 and 10,000 kilograms respectively. Despite damage during the French Revolution and subsequent periods of conflict, the cathedral has undergone significant restoration, most notably in the 19th century under architects like Charles Robelin and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc.