Kuragala

What is Kuragala?

Kuragala is a multi-layered archaeological site located in Balangoda, Sri Lanka, renowned for its evidence of both prehistoric human activity and an ancient Buddhist temple complex. Formally recognized by the government as an archaeological reserve, it holds the distinction of being the oldest archaeological site discovered in Sri Lanka's Intermediate Zone. The site encompasses remnants of early human settlements from the late Pleistocene period, alongside the ruins of a Buddhist cave temple that dates back to the 2nd century BC.

History and Discovery

Archaeological investigations at Kuragala have yielded significant findings about its past. Evidence of prehistoric human presence includes stone tools, fossilized bone fragments, and human skeletal remains believed to be over 8,000 years old. These early inhabitants appear to have had connections to coastal areas and engaged in agricultural practices. Later, during the period between the 3rd century BC and the 1st century AD, the caves at Kuragala were utilized as a Buddhist monastery. Archaeological reports, such as one by C.H. Collins in 1932, document Brahmi inscriptions from the 2nd century BC, along with carved stone lintels, stairways, and platforms.

Religious Significance

The caves at Kuragala were established for Buddhist monks by donors, serving as places of shelter during the annual rainy season retreat, as is customary in Theravada Buddhist tradition. The presence of driplegged caves indicates habitation by Bhikkhus, and inscriptions further identify the names of these benefactors. At the summit of Kuragala stands a brick-built Stupa constructed in 1971, which is now an archaeologically protected monument. This Stupa is believed to be of the Akasa Chaithya type, historically used as communication beacons.

Coexisting Religious Heritage

Kuragala also bears evidence of an ancient Muslim shrine. Historical accounts and inscriptions suggest its use by Muslims, with Arabic writings and a tombstone bearing the name "Darvesh Mohiyadin Darvesh" and dates corresponding to 715 Hijri (1315 AD) and 815 Hijri (1478 AD). In 2013, certain additional structures within the archaeological zone were removed by government order, though the mosque and tomb remnants remained. The site thus represents a complex historical and religious landscape.