Old Cathedral of St Mary of the Siege

The Old Cathedral of St Mary of the Siege, officially the Cathedral of Santa María, stands as a significant historical and architectural landmark in Salamanca, Spain. Its construction, initiated by Bishop Jerome of Périgord, commenced in the early 12th century and continued until the late 14th century, resulting in a structure that masterfully blends Romanesque and Gothic architectural elements. The cathedral was completed under the impetus of Bishop Alfonso Barasaque and is dedicated to Saint Mary of the See.

Historical Context and Architecture

The foundation of the Old Cathedral was tied to the restoration of the diocese of Salamanca by King Alfonso VI and the repopulation of the city. Architecturally, it is a basilica with a Latin cross plan, featuring three naves, a distinct transept, and a chevet composed of three semicircular apses. Its frontier location also influenced its design, incorporating defensive fortifications, which led to its popular moniker, "fortis salmantina" (strong Salamanca).

A striking feature is the considerable dome over the transept, dating to around 1150, known as the "Torre del Gallo" (Tower of the Rooster). This dome, inspired by the Duero domes, exhibits a unique internal structure and an almost conical exterior adorned with scales. The cathedral's construction reflects the stylistic transition from Romanesque to Gothic, evident in the varying architectural elements and vaulting.

Near Demolition and Artistic Treasures

In the early modern period, the Old Cathedral faced the threat of demolition when plans for the New Cathedral were made. However, the prolonged construction of the New Cathedral and the ongoing need for a place of worship ensured its preservation. Despite modifications, such as the partial covering of its facade and the altered roofline due to the construction of the New Cathedral, its historical integrity remains.

The cathedral houses significant artistic works, including a 15th-century main altarpiece by Dello Delli and his brothers, depicting scenes from the lives of Jesus and the Virgin Mary, and a fresco of the Last Judgment. The apse contains a cycle of 53 tableaux, many by Delli, and the Virgin of la Vega, the patron saint of Salamanca, an 12th-century wooden image.

Notable Chapels and Features

The Old Cathedral is comprised of several notable chapels, each with its own historical and artistic significance. The Chapel of San Martín, or Capilla del Aceite, features 13th-century paintings by Antón Sánchez de Segovia. The Chapel of Santa Bárbara is historically recognized as a site for university examinations, where students would prepare for their academic defenses.

The cloister, though largely rebuilt after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, contains several chapels, including the Chapel of San Salvador or de Talavera, noted for its Muslim-influenced dome and the continuation of the Mozarabic Rite. The Chapel of Santa Catalina, once a venue for university examinations and a singing chapel, now serves as a space for cultural activities. The Chapel of San Bartolomé or de los Anaya houses the tomb of its founder, Bishop Diego de Anaya, and conserves an ancient, functional 16th-century organ.