Santa María la Real, Fitero

Monastery of Fitero

The Monastery of Santa María la Real, commonly known as the Monastery of Fitero, is a historic Cistercian monastery situated in Fitero, Navarre, Spain, along the Alhama river. Its establishment dates back to the 12th century, and it played a significant role in the religious and political affairs of the region.

History and Significance

The monastery's origins trace to October 25, 1140, when Alfonso VII of León and Castile granted land for its creation. A small monastery was established by 1141 under Abbot Raimundo de Fitero, who formally affiliated it with the Order of Cistercians in 1147. Between 1147 and 1152, Abbot Raimundo oversaw the relocation of the monastery to its present site in Fitero. The monastery faced challenges, including an attack in 1159 by the bishop of Tarazona, which led to the expulsion or death of its monks. A period of expansion and increased influence occurred between 1161 and 1191 under Abbot Guillermo. Internal disciplinary issues arose between 1189 and 1210, with the Order of Cistercians intervening to restore order. The monastery's jurisdiction was a point of contention between Castile and Navarre, culminating in a war in 1335, which was resolved in 1336, affirming its belonging to Navarre.

Construction and Architecture

While no physical remains exist from the original monastery built at Niencebas, it is understood to have been primarily constructed of wood with some stone elements, following typical Cistercian layouts. The monastery at Fitero, after its relocation, also initially featured wooden structures that were later replaced by a wall of brick, rock, and mortar. The current surviving structures primarily date from the 12th and 13th centuries, including the chapter house and significant portions of the church. The church underwent several modifications, with its portico reconstructed in the 15th century and later adapted to a Plateresque style in the early 16th century. Major restorations and the erection of a new cloister, along with supporting buildings, took place in the late 16th and early 18th centuries.

The Abbey Church

The Abbey Church of Fitero, consecrated in 1247, is the monastery's main place of worship. Its initial construction phases occurred between 1179 and 1195, with the completion of the sanctuary, transept, and supporting structures. The church's design was heavily influenced by Gothic architecture. Its main facade exhibits Romanesque elements with round arches. The floor plan is a Latin cross with three naves, an ambulatory sanctuary, and five side chapels, similar to other Cistercian monastic churches. Following the permanent departure of the monks in 1835, the church has continued to serve the community as a parish church under secular priests.