Hanbi

Hanbi, also known by the variant name Hanpa, is a figure within Sumerian and Akkadian mythology, forming a part of the broader Mesopotamian mythological landscape. He is recognized primarily as the "lord of evil" and the "lord of all evil forces," specifically identified with the Udug, a class of malevolent spirits in Mesopotamian belief. Hanbi holds a significant place in the demonic hierarchy as the father of Pazuzu, a well-known demon often depicted in protective amulets.

Despite his title and paternal relationship to Pazuzu, detailed accounts of Hanbi's deeds or specific attributes are remarkably scarce in surviving texts. His nature is characterized as a "shadow born in the underworld," distinguishing him from the more divine beings, or Dingir, who presided over the underworld. This unique origin and role have led scholars to draw parallels between Hanbi and figures from other religious traditions. Some have suggested a connection to Helel, a Jewish name often equated with the concept of Lucifer in Christian theology. However, Hanbi's distinct underworld genesis and association with evil forces also invite comparisons to the Jewish spirits known as shedim and se'iri, and the Islamic concept of shaitan, underscoring his role as a primordial entity of malevolence.