Basilica of Saint Francis

Basilica and Convent of San Francisco

The Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, located in Lima, Peru's Historic Centre, is a monumental religious complex renowned for its historical significance and architectural grandeur. Described as "the largest and noblest monument that the conquest erected in these prodigious lands," it stands as a testament to the viceregal era's artistic and spiritual achievements. The complex, which also includes the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Solitude and the Chapel of the Virgin of the Miracle, is a vital component of the UNESCO World Heritage site that is the Historic Centre of Lima.

History and Construction

Following Lima's founding in 1535, the Franciscan Order was granted land where an initial chapel was built. The current basilica and convent were constructed on the same site after the previous structures were destroyed by a devastating earthquake on February 4, 1655. The rebuilding project was initiated by General Commissioner Francisco de Borja, with plans drawn by Portuguese architect Constantino de Vasconcellos and the Liman master builder Manuel Escobar. The first stone was laid on May 8, 1657, and the new convent was inaugurated on October 3, 1672, with interior renovations continuing until 1729. The basilica was elevated to the status of a minor basilica by Pope John XXIII through a papal brief dated January 11, 1963.

Architectural Features and Artistry

The exterior of the basilica prominently displays the Liman Baroque style, characterized by its grace and monumentality, featuring a rhythmic bossage and a wooden balustrade. Inside, the main altar is designed in a Neoclassical style. The complex is adorned with significant colonial artworks. The sacristy houses an important series of paintings from the "apostolado" attributed to the workshop of Francisco de Zurbarán. The museum section features a collection of eleven paintings depicting the "Passion of Christ," believed to be from the workshop of Peter Paul Rubens. The main cloister, dating from 1642, is surrounded by arcades with Sevillian azulejos and displays 39 paintings from 1671 depicting scenes from the life of Saint Francis of Assisi, alongside mural paintings from the Italian Mannerist School. The choir boasts an impressive Baroque choir stalls carved in cedar, made by Antonio Rodríguez in 1658. The library contains approximately 25,000 volumes, including rare editions and chronicles dating back to the 16th century.

Notable Sections and Catacombs

Beyond its main liturgical spaces, the Basilica and Convent of San Francisco is known for its chapter house, where the Act of Independence was signed by the regular clergy. The "Room of Biers" preserves various ornate biers used for religious processions. The "Museum or Room of Profundis" displays the Rubens-attributed paintings and houses an ivory crucifix from Manila. The refectory showcases the collection of fifteen paintings of the Apostles by Francisco de Zurbarán. A significant and unique feature of the complex are the catacombs, which served as the burial ground for approximately 70,000 people during colonial times, operating until 1810. These subterranean chambers, rediscovered in 1951, are arranged with bones classified by type and are a major point of interest for visitors.

Current Status and Preservation

The Basilica and Convent of San Francisco remains an active religious site and a major tourist attraction. Ongoing restoration efforts, particularly within the Historic Centre of Lima, have involved complex negotiations and legal processes concerning public access and the preservation of historical elements. Despite challenges, the site continues to be a vital center for religious devotion, historical study, and the appreciation of colonial art and architecture.