Bernard of Clairvaux

Bernard of Clairvaux (1090 – 20 August 1153), venerated as Saint Bernard, was a French abbot, mystic, and a leading figure in the reform of Benedictine monasticism through the burgeoning Cistercian Order. His influence extended far beyond the cloister, making him a significant theological and political force in 12th-century Europe.

Life and Historical Context

Born to noble parents in Burgundy, Bernard experienced a profound spiritual calling after his mother's death. In 1113, he joined the Cistercian monastery at Cîteaux, a community dedicated to a literal interpretation of the Rule of St. Benedict. His piety and leadership were so evident that he was soon sent to found Clairvaux Abbey in 1115, becoming its abbot. Under his guidance, Clairvaux flourished, becoming a major center of Cistercian life and a model for numerous new foundations across Europe.

Bernard’s life was characterized by intense spiritual devotion alongside significant outward activity. He was often ill, partly due to extreme fasting, yet he possessed an "undeniable charisma" that drew many to monastic life. He described himself as a "chimera of his age," reflecting the dual nature of his contemplative and active roles.

Major Contributions and Influence

One of Bernard’s most significant contributions was his role in resolving the church schism that arose in 1130 with the election of two rival popes. Bernard was a staunch proponent of Pope Innocent II, travelling extensively to advocate for his legitimacy and persuade rulers and bishops to support him. His diplomatic skills were crucial in consolidating Innocent's position.

Bernard was also a pivotal figure in the reform and spread of the Cistercian Order, defending its practices in his "Apology" and helping to establish its administrative structures. He co-founded the Knights Templar, tracing the outlines of their rule, which became an ideal of Christian nobility.

Preaching and the Crusades

Bernard was a renowned preacher, known for his eloquent and emotionally resonant style. He is perhaps most famously remembered for his preaching of the Second Crusade (1146–1149). Responding to the fall of Edessa, he convinced King Louis VII of France and many others to take up the cross, famously preaching to vast crowds at Vézelay.

While the Second Crusade ultimately failed, Bernard’s role in initiating it cemented his status as a powerful voice in Christendom. He also advocated for the Wendish Crusade, a campaign against pagan Slavs, and preached against various heresies, including those of Henry of Lausanne and the Petrobrusians.

Legacy

Bernard was canonized by Pope Alexander III in 1174, just 21 years after his death, and was declared a Doctor of the Church by Pope Pius VIII in 1830. His theological writings, particularly his sermons on the Song of Songs and his Marian devotion, remain influential. He is depicted in Dante Alighieri's "Divine Comedy" as the final guide through the Empyrean. His legacy is preserved in the numerous monasteries he helped found and in the enduring devotion to him across various Christian traditions.