Mount Banahaw

Mount Banahaw, also known by variations such as Banahao and Banájao, is a significant active complex volcano located on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. It stands as the highest mountain in both Laguna and Quezon provinces, and the Calabarzon region, dominating the surrounding landscape. The volcano is considered a holy mountain, or 'bundok dambana,' by many local residents, making it a popular destination for both pilgrims and mountain climbers.

Physical Characteristics and Geology

The andesitic Banahaw volcanic complex comprises several stratovolcanoes, with Mount Banahaw being the largest. Its maximum elevation reaches 2,170 meters (7,119 ft) above mean sea level. The summit is characterized by a large caldera, measuring 1.5 by 3.5 kilometers and 210 meters deep, which is breached on its southern rim. This breach is believed to be the result of the 1730 eruption, which caused a devastating mudflow that destroyed the town of Sariaya, Quezon. The complex also includes other peaks such as Mount San Cristobal and Mount Banahaw de Lucban, as well as maars like Lake Dagatan and various thermal areas.

Spiritual and Cultural Importance

Mount Banahaw is deeply revered by locals, who consider it a spiritually charged location. Its natural springs are particularly significant, with their waters being referred to as 'holy water' due to alleged beneficial and curative qualities. These waters emanate from unique natural features known as 'puestos' or 'holy sites,' which include not only springs but also caves, streams, and boulders. Many of these sites bear names with biblical allusions, and shrines have been erected in their vicinity. According to tradition, these sacred locations and their names were revealed to a man named Agripino Lontoc by the 'Santong Boses' or 'Holy Voices' during the Spanish colonial era.

Pilgrimage and Hiking

The mountain serves as a customary pilgrimage site, drawing visitors who seek spiritual renewal and the perceived healing powers of its waters. Hiking is also a popular activity, especially given its proximity to Manila as the closest mountain over 2,000 meters. Historically, hiking activity peaked during Holy Week, attracting thousands of visitors. Several trails lead to the summit caldera, with popular routes like Cristalino and Tatlong Tangke originating from Barangay Kinabuhayan in Dolores. The summit offers viewpoints known as Durungawan I, II, and III, which are common destinations for both pilgrims and hikers. Points of interest also include the 'Kuweba ng Diyos Ama' (Cave of God the Father).

Environmental Concerns and Access

Incessant climbing activity led to significant pollution on the mountain trails, prompting the Department of Environment and Natural Resources to order a five-year suspension of hiking in March 2004. Reopening dates were repeatedly delayed, with some sections eventually reopening in 2019. The mountain now observes seasonal openings due to its religious significance, but most areas remain closed to the public.