Kasagala Raja Maha Vihara

Kasagala Raja Maha Vihara is a historically significant ancient Buddhist temple situated in Angunukolapelessa, within the Hambantota District of Sri Lanka. It lies approximately 10 kilometers from Ranna Junction, accessible via the Ranna-Weeraketiya road. The Sri Lankan government has formally recognized the temple as an archaeological site, a designation declared on June 6, 2008, through government Gazette number 1553.

History and Origins

The temple's construction is widely accepted to have begun during the Anuradhapura era, specifically during the reign of King Kavan Tissa (205–161 BC). However, tradition also suggests its origins trace back even earlier, to the 3rd century BC, with the planting of one of the 32 saplings of the sacred Sri Maha Bodhi tree, under the patronage of King Devanampiya Tissa (307–267 BC). Historical chronicles indicate that King Kavantissa was responsible for the erection of several buildings at the site. Later, the temple underwent further renovations and expansions, with new features added by King Dappula I (661–664) and King Vijayabahu I (1055-1110 AD). During the reign of King Kirti Sri Rajasingha (1747–1780 AD), the temple received a gilt Buddha image and temporalities, and a Dalada Perahera, a traditional pageant, was conducted in tribute to the Tooth Relic of the Buddha.

Etymology and Artistic Heritage

The name Kasagala, meaning "The yellow rock," is attributed to local folklore. It is said that the monks residing at the temple would dry their saffron-colored robes on the natural rock slabs where the temple is located. These robes, appearing as yellow rocks from a distance, led to the temple being called Kasagala. An inscription from 2 AD, associated with the temple, also refers to it as Kawagala Pabbatha in earlier periods.

Architecturally, the temple is adorned with paintings and sculptures characteristic of the Kandyan tradition. These artworks display unique artistic features from Sri Lanka's maritime provinces, incorporating Southern and transitional styles influenced by European cultural elements and newer artistic trends.

Archaeological Significance

Within the Vihara premises, two ancient stupas are visible. One, positioned atop the rocky plateau, is believed to have been constructed by King Devanampiya Tissa and is considered the oldest stupa in the Vihara. The second stupa is located nearby and was built by King Saddha Tissa (137–119 BC), who was the brother of King Dutugamunu. Adjacent to the upper rocky plateau stupa, six stone inscriptions have been discovered. These inscriptions, dating from the 4th-5th centuries AD and written in Late Brahmi script in Early Sinhala language, appear to be related to the granting of liberty from slavery (Vaharala). Although many of the letterings are worn, they offer valuable insights into historical land grants and social practices.